Differences between the oak lepidopteran communities were studied in Slovakia in 1993 and 1994. Sampling was undertaken between April and October on 3 oak species. Biological traits of larvae were examined in order to explain differences in seasonal guilds among oaks. Cluster analysis shows similarities between communities in the flush feeder guild where the results were influenced mainly by temporal variability; in the late spring guild mainly by site; factors influencing summer feeder and autumn feeder similarities remain unclear. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was used to investigate the main gradients explaining variability in communities. Results indicated that the host specificity along axis 1 (A1) and larval ballooning along axis 2 (A2) were important in the flush feeder guild; larval feeding strategy along A1 and the degree of defoliation by Lymantria dispar along A2 were important
in late spring feeders; the year of study along A1 and host specificity along A2 were important in the summer feeder guild; and adaptation to lower quality of food along A1 and host specificity along A2 for the autumn feeder guild.

Two field experiments were conducted to assess the weed control efficiency of four graded doses of atrazine (100, 75, 50, and 25% of the recommended dose of 2.5 kg·a.i. ha–1) and hoeing (control) as well as its effects on soil biota. Although the highest weed control efficiency was achieved with full dose of atrazine, there was no significant (p = 0.05) difference between this and the lower rates. The lower doses, however, were superior to hoe weeding. Differences in maize yields were also not statistically significant, implying the economic advantages of using 25% recommended dose. Response of soil organisms to atrazine doses varied with organisms. Significantly (p = 0.05) higher earthworm population was observed in the 0, 25, and 50% doses compared to 75 and 100%. The highest number of worm cast (9.90) was obtained in the control while the least (3.47) was for the 100% recommended rate. Similarly, bacterial population was inversely related to atrazine rates with the highest values for the control (290 x 106 cfu·g–1) and the least in the 100% recommended rate (29 x 106 cfu·g–1). Fungi and ascomycetes, however, showed a reverse trend.

Field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Engineering Experimental Farm of The Federal University of Technology, Akure, during 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 seasons to investigate the response of cassava under drip irrigation. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments were based on four different water regimes; with T100 receiving 100% available water (AW), T50 and T25 receiving 50% and 25% of AW and T0 with zero irrigation (control treatment). Disease free stems of the cassava cultivar TMS 91934 were planted at a spacing of 1 m by 1 m. The results indicated that T100 full treatment produced the highest average total dry matter yield of 49.12 and 37.62 t/ha in 2006/07 and 2007/08 cropping seasons, respectively.
However, the average total dry matter production in T50, T25, and T0 showed significant differences in their values.

The domestic population of walnut ( Juglans regia L.) in Serbia is highly heterogeneous as a result of many centuries of propagation from seed. This paper describes variation observed in this population over the past four decades. The date of budbreak showed a 50-day range, and the date of leaf drop a 32-day range. Average nut weight ranged from 3.3 g to 29.0 g and the kernel percentage from 26.2% to 64.3%. The number of female flowers per inflorescence ranged from 1 to 32 and the number of nuts per cluster from 1 to 15.

Surface ozone is considered to be a very phytotoxic gaseous air pollutant. Its negative impacts at both the cell and the organ level have been shown, mainly as a result of experiments. However, the demonstration of ozone negative impacts on native plants is not explicit. An assessment of ozone impact on vegetation and ecosystems using indicators based on ambient ozone concentrations is insufficient and assessment techniques based on internal ozone dose and on real plant damage are more appropriate. Such a possible technique is the mapping of ozone visible symptoms due to ozone influence.